Based on George Parks Free Essays

Multiply and Accumulate Unit using Vedic Multiplier

Increase and Accumulate Unit utilizing Vedic Multiplier Design and Implementation of FPGA based 64 bit MA Cunitusing VEDIC Multiplier and Reversible Logic gates Conceptual: Presently a days in VLSI innovation size, force, and speed are the primary requirements to plan any circuits. In ordinary multipliers postpone will be more and the quantity of calculations additionally will be more. As a result of that speed of the circuits planned with the typical multipliers will be low and it will expend more force. This paper portrays Multiply and Accumulate Unit utilizing Vedic Multiplier and DKG reversible rationale doors. The Vedic multiplier is planned by utilizing Urdhava Triyagbhayam sutra and the viper configuration is finished by utilizing reversible rationale to perform highâ speed activities. Reversible rationale entryways are likewise theâ essential imperative for the promising field of Quantum processing. The Urdhava Triyagbhayam multiplier is utilized for the augmentation capacity to lessen halfway items in the increase procedure and to get high show and less territory .The reversible rationale is utilized to get less force. The MAC is structured utilizing Verilog code, simulation,synthesis is done in both RTL compiler utilizing Xilinx and actualized on Spartan 3e FPGA Board. KeyWords:MAC, Vedic multiplier, Reversible Gates I. Presentation Augmentation is the key in number juggling activity and multiplier assumes a significant job in advanced sign Processing. Sadly, the significant wellspring of intensity dissemination in advanced sign processors is multipliers. In the previous decade analysts created multipliers with the assistance of CMOS rationale which has all the disservices as examined before. In this manner multipliers plan for advanced sign preparing applications ought to be able. So the proposed technique is structured utilizing pass rationale standards, which shows enhancements over CMOS plans. Pass rationale standard based circuits are competent to achieve prevalent execution in force, speed and region when actualized in VLSI[1]. A few contextual investigations show that pass rationale standard based structure actualizes most capacities with less transistors which lessens the general capacitance than static CMOS; in this way, bringing about low force and quick exchanging time. The Pass logicâ standard based plan is a proficient, because of its better execution in power utilization, zone and speed. 30% of the multiplier space is taken by the Booth encoder and selector rationale [1-3]. So an improved plan of Booth encoder and selector is basic. The primary goal of this work is to structure and execute new Booth encoders and selector rationales which are equipment productive and thus power-aware.Various plans of these rationale units are proposed in this work where the quantity of transistors required are less when contrasted with recently planned units.The door level usage of these structures were tried for usefulness utilizing LoKon programming entryways (XNOR, XOR , NAND,NOR,AND,XOR-XNOR mix entryway) and MUX utilized in these circuits were reenacted and checked for usefulness utilizing TopSPICE. Because of the confinement in the quantities of transistor include in the TopSPICE, it was not fit to recreate the whole circuit in the transistor level. Further, these plans were utilized to manufacture multiplier[2]. Multiplier is the requirement for higher word width for signal procedure applications. This structure is adaptable with no loss of benefits. All the pass transistor circuits have been tried for completely reestablished voltage at the output[3]. In this way, when these circuits are joined to shape the entire multiplier voltage drop won't cause an issue. II. Writing REVIEW Nareshnaik, SivaNagendra Reddy proposed Design of Vedic Multiplier for Digital Signal Processing Applications[1] .In this strategy plan of adders is troublesome and configuration might be unpredictable and furthermore its require more force. Anitha, Sarath Kumar proposed A 32 BIT MAC Unit Design Using Vedic Multiplier and Reversible Logic Gate design.In this paper they intended for 32 piece Multiplier.But the vast majority of the multipliers utilized in Digital sign handling applications 64 piece multipliers. Such a significant number of specialists proposed numerous techniques to plan multipliers and adders.Among all the strategies multiplier structure with reversible rationale entryway configuration is the productive method.In reversible doors additionally unique reversible door are available[4].Some scientists utilized Kogge stone Adders,some one utilized Toffiligates[5].DKG is the one of the entryway utilized in the MAC design.This proposed strategy speaks to 64 piece MAC configuration utilizing reversible rationale entryways. III. PROPOSEDMETHOD Increase Accumulate (MAC) unit is structured by utilizing Multipliers and adders both will be joined by an amass unit. The uses of MAC unit are Digital Signal Processors, microchips, and rationale units and.MAC decides the speed and improves the exhibition of the whole system[6]. The capable structures by MAC unit are Fast Fourier Transform(FFT/IFFT) ,Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT). Since, they are typically executed by firm use of duplication and expansion, the complete framework speed and execution relies upon the speed of the expansion and augmentation process speed in the system[7]. As a rule the postponement in the engineering is because of the expansion in equal stages which we need to focus more to improve the speed. At last we are going to contrast our Vedic MAC unit and the Conventional MAC unit dependent on the parameters like Speed,area and force consumption[8]. A duplicating blockfunction can be yielded in threedifferent manners: regular expansion, fractional item expansion (PPA) lastly halfway item Generation (PPG). The two bud jar materials that must be considered are raising the speed of MAC which is aggregator square incomplete and item reduction[9]. The 64 piece MAC structure which will utilize Vedic multiplier and reversible rationale door can be cultivated in two phases. Initially, multiplier stage, where a typical multiplier is supplanted by Vedic multiplier utilizing UrdhavaTriyagbhayam sutra from Vedic Mathematics.Multiplication is the essential activity of MAC unit. Speed, zone, Power dispersal, consumptionand idleness are the significant worries in the multiplier stage. In this way, to avoid them, we will go for quick multipliers in various utilizations of DSP, organizing, and so on. There are for the most part two significant measures that can improve speed of the MAC units are sinking the halfway items and due to that gatherer burden is getting diminished. To play out the increase of N*N it requires roughly 2N-1 cross results of various widths and (log2N + 1) fractional items. The incomplete items are acquired from Urdhava sutra is by Criss Cross Method. The greatest number of bits in fractional items will prompt Critical way. The second piece of MAC is Reversible rationale door. Loss of all of data in the calculations that are not reversible is kT*log2 joules of warmth vitality are created, where k is Boltzmanns consistent and T the outright temperature at which calculation is performed. IV. Plan OF MAC ARCHITECTURE Fig 1: MAC Architecture The plan of MAC engineering comprises of 3 sub structures. Structure of 64 X 64 piece Vedic Multiplier. Structure of 128 piece DKG snake Structure of Accumulator which incorporates both multiplier and viper stages. Vedic Multiplier Vedic Mathematics is a piece of four Vedasâ (books of insight). It is a piece of Sthapatya-Veda (book on structural building and engineering), which is an upa-veda (supplement) of Atharva Veda. Vedic Mathematics existed in old India and was resuscitated by a mainstream mathematician, Sri Bharati Krishna Tirthaji. He isolated Vedic science into sixteen formulae(sutras). These formulae manage Algebra, Analytical Geometry, Algebra, Trigonometry, Geometry and so on. The straightforwardness in the Vedic arithmetic sutras covers route for its application in a few unmistakable spaces of building like Signal Processing, VLSI and Control Engineering . 1) (Anurupye) Shunyamanyat 2) ChalanaKalanabyham 3) EkadhikinaPurvena 4) EkanyunenaPurvena 5) Gunakasamuchyah 6) Gunitasamuchyah 7) NikhilamNavatashcaramamDashatah 8) ParaavartyaYojayet 9) Puranapuranabyham 10) Sankalana-vyavakalanabhyam 11) ShesanyankenaCharamena 12) ShunyamSaamyasamuccaye 13) Sopaantyadvayamantyam 14) Urdhva-tiryakbhyam 15) Vyashtisamanstih 16) Yaavadunam Vedic Maths can be separated into sixteen distinct sutras to perform numerical tasks. Among these surtras the Urdhwa Tiryakbhyam Sutra is one of the most profoundly favored calculations for performing multiplication[11-14]. The calculation is capable enough to be utilized for the duplication of whole numbers just as twofold numbers. The term UrdhwaTiryakbhyam started from 2 Sanskrit words Urdhwa and Tiryakbhyam which mean vertically and transversely respectively.The mainadvantage of using this calculation in examination with the current increase methods, is the way that it uses just coherent AND activities, half adders and full adders to finish the duplication activity. Likewise, the halfway items required for increase are created in equal and apriority to the genuine expansion in this manner sparing a great deal of preparing time[15-17]. UrdhwaTiryakbhyam Algorithm Let us consider two eight piece numbers X(7:0) and Y(7:0) , where 7 connote Most Significant Bit and 0 speak to Least Significant Bit. P0 to P15 connote each piece of the last processed item. It tends to be seen from condition (1) to (15), that P0 to P15 are determined by including fractional items, which are determined already utilizing the intelligent AND activity. The individual bits got from conditions (1) to condition (15), thus when linked produce the last result of duplication which is spoken to in condition (16).The convey bits created during the calculation of the individual bits of the last item are spoken to from C(1) to C(30). The convey bits created in (14) and (15) are ign

Average Salaries for Clinical Psychologists

Average Salaries for Clinical Psychologists More in Student Resources Careers APA Style and Writing Study Guides and Tips Clinical psychologists assess, diagnose, and treat individuals suffering from mental illness. How much do people working in this profession earn each year? Salaries can vary considerably depending upon a number of different factors, but you can get an idea from salary reports. Median Earnings The Occupational Outlook Handbook published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics reports that the median annual wage for clinical psychologists in 2016 was $73,270. A PayScale.com salary survey found that the median annual salary for clinical psychologists was $74,798. However, those working in private practice reported significantly higher annual earnings of anywhere from $110,000 to $312,000. The 9 Highest Paying Psychology Careers What They Do Clinical psychologists make up one of the largest specialty areas within psychology. Licensed clinical psychologists work in a variety of settings including private practices, hospitals, mental health clinics, and academic settings. These professionals are concerned with the prevention, assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of mental illnesses. A Closer Look at Salaries In a 2015 survey by the American Psychological Association, the average salary for a licensed clinical psychologist was $80,000. According to Payscale.com, typical salaries for clinical psychologists range between $48,246 and $109,506. However, its important to note that several different factors can impact the salary you might expect including your level of education, years of experience, work setting, and geographic location. For a clinical psychologist with zero to five years of experience, the average salary is $69,000. For those with 10 to 20 years of experience, the average wage is $90,000. Clinical psychologists can be very well paid for what they do depending on where they work and how much experience they have. Heres how their salaries compare to those of other psychology professions according to the Occupational Outlook Handbook: Job Title Median Annual Wages Psychologists, all other $95,710 Industrial-organizational psychologists $82,760 Social scientists $75,280 Clinical, counseling, and school psychologists $73,270 Note: These figures include median annual wages as of 2016. Job Outlook Clinical psychologists, as well as counseling and school psychologists, are expected to remain in demand in the future as more people seek out help for mental problems such as depression, anxiety, addiction, and other disorders. The U.S. Department of Labor predicts that employment for clinical, counseling, and school psychologists will grow by 14 percent through the year 2026, which is faster than the average for all occupations. Psychology Careers That Are in High Demand and Earning Potential Education and Training Its important to note that the greatest growth is expected for clinical psychologists with doctoral degrees. Those with masters level degrees can be psychological assistants or go into industrial-organization psychology, and theyre expected to face fierce competition for positions, many of which are not directly in the field of psychology. Most states require a minimum of a doctorate degree in clinical psychology, a supervised post-graduate residency, and the completion of state licensing exams.

Climate Change And Global Warming - 1900 Words

Climate change is a self-contradictory subject and has affected areas worldwide, plants, animals, the environment, habitats, etc. in a variety of ways. One of the main environmental changes faced today are climate changes caused by humans. There was a statement on climate change from 18 scientific associations which stated, â€Å"Observations throughout the world make it clear that climate change is occurring, and rigorous scientific research demonstrates that the greenhouse gases emitted by human activities are the primary driver(Scientific consensus: Earth’s climate is warming,† 2017). The government and the public responses to this issue have been really weak. There are programs and businesses that understand and know that climate change†¦show more content†¦Climate change can affect our society in so many ways including cultural, social, and natural resources. Climate change can affect the health of humans, transportation systems, infrastructure, food, wate r supplies, and energy. There are different groups of people around the world that will face greater challenges because of the climate change. Climate change can have a great impact on people who live in areas that can get affected by any natural disaster like droughts, coastal storms like tornadoes and hurricanes. People who are in poverty, communities that consist of immigrants, and elderly people can also be really affected by climate change. People’s jobs can be threatened by climate change. For people who are employed with outdoor professions dealing with agriculture, plants, tourism, etc. can be affected by climate change. There was a Ted Talk by Alex Steffen. He talks about what is causing climate change. He believes that tailpipes from our emissions and smokestacks are the cause and believes that people should eliminate them. He states that the problem is that they re coming out of the fossil fuels that humans are burning, so the answer would be to replace the fossil fuel with clean sources of energy. He comes up with different ideas and solutions of why we are not able to build enough clean energy and states how people can save energy by not driving from place to place and riding bikes instead. He thinks instead of using heaters and coolers,Show MoreRelatedGlobal Warming And Climate Change974 Words   |  4 Pagesabout global warming, whether it is true or false. Is there evidence to prove that global warming has impacted the climate due to the rise in the earth’s temperature? Climate change is a problem that is worldwide that should be reviewed. The rise in the earth’s temperature has caused some impact to the weather and climate changes to many places worldwide. This rise in temperature has the potential of causing drastic changes to the earth in many ways. It is time to view the global warming concernsRead MoreClimate Change Of Global Warming924 Words   |  4 Pages Figure 0.1 shows the different effects of global warming. Global warming is the warming of our planet at an extreme rate. The Earth’s climate has warmed by 7.8OC since 1880. (Quick facts about science, 2015). What causes global warming? The cause of global warming is the carbon dioxide. This acts like a blanket. Protecting the earth, and heating the earth. Sun rays would normally bounce around the earth, but with the blanket, the sun rays heat the blanket which heats the earth. (Petersen ScienceRead MoreGlobal Warming And Climate Change1398 Words   |  6 Pages Global warming and climate change have been frequent topics of discussion over the past several years. Although people tend to focus on the politics, it is important to look past the media aspects of it into the cold hard facts of what our Earth is currently experiencing, and what has caused it in the first place. The cause of climate change includes natural causes, but human causes are what is generating such a rapid global temperature change. It’s time that the ways in which humanity affectsRead MoreClimate Change And Global Warming1060 Words   |  5 PagesClimate change (Klaus) 1000 The terms â€Å"global warming†, â€Å"climate change† or â€Å"greenhouse effect† have become more than just parts of the popular lexicon as they rather are subject of public discussions, scientific research or political debates. Despite the popularity and the ubiquity of these terms, the public’s theoretical and conceptual understanding of them and their causal relations is often based on superficial knowledge and buzzwords or caricatures outlined and depicted in several popular mediaRead MoreClimate Change : Global Warming1194 Words   |  5 PagesDonya Curtis April 19, 2017 English 1001-rough draft Global Warming Global warming is one facet of the broader term climate change. It is the increase in the average temperature of the Earth s surface air and oceans from the mid 20th century and the projected continuation. The Global warming is primarily the consequence of building up greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere. Emission rates for most important anthropogenic greenhouse gas, CO2, have increased 120 fold in the past 140 years. WhileRead MoreClimate Change and Global Warming1074 Words   |  5 PagesClimate change and Global Warming are out of control. This means that, no matter what policies, processes or actions are implemented, the Earth as we know it will never be the same again. There is significant evidence to support this hypothesis. The dilemma becomes whether we can limit the damage and adapt to a new status quo or not. Rising sea levels and the damage caused by this phenomenon has irreversible impacts on coastlines worldwide. Damage to sensitive reef systems cannot be fixed. This alsoRead MoreClimate Change And Global Warming1022 Words   |  5 PagesWhat = Climate Change Who = Emma, Aoife, Julia, Rachael, Mariah and Cà ©line What is it? Climate Change is a change in the demographic distribution of weather patterns, and related change in oceans, land surfaces and ice sheets, happening over time scales of decades or longer. It’s the world’s greatest threat. Climate change is the change in temperature over a period of time. It involves the greenhouse effect and global warming. Where is it? It is an issue affecting everyone everywhere. ClimateRead MoreClimate Change And Global Warming1474 Words   |  6 Pagesphenomenon, known as â€Å"smog† became an often daily occurrence in big, urbanized cites across the globe. Also, Al Gore’s book, An Inconvenient Truth, popularized the issue of climate change and global warming as a result of the damage that the modern world has done to the atmosphere. He noted that people resist the facts about climate change due to the inconvenience of changing their lifestyles. But, uninhibited industrialization of several countries has led to intense modernization and revolution of theRead MoreClimate Change And Global Warming928 Words   |  4 PagesThis paper will discuss climate change and global warming on the economy. The paper also gives a description on climate change and global warming. As well as what it hold for future business owners. It will also discuss what the government is doing about climate change/global warming. Climate change is a long-term shift in the statistics of the weather (including its averages). For example, it could show up as a change in climate normal (expected average values for temperature and precipitation)Read MoreClimate Change And Global Warming1630 Words   |  7 PagesClimate Related Threats Global warming will lead to uncontrollable devastation such as famine, war, and economic instability. Climate change will accelerate the dislocation of hundreds of millions of people and the extinction of many species. The negative effects of climate change are obvious on every continent. Professor Le Quere, director of the Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research at the University of East Anglia said, The human influence on climate change is clear. The atmosphere and

Recommendations for Nike - 2618 Words

NIKE Executive Summary by Lawrence Gimeno Recommendations: Make it count My first recommendation is directed at Nikes push into digital sports. In my opinion the new accelerometer based Nike+ technology is the birth of a whole new generation of Nike products and an amazing innovation to motivate people to include sports into their everyday life. Nike has attained a leading role in almost every one of the upcoming world wide sporting events, such as the 2012 Olympics, the 2012 Soccer Euro Cup, the NFL Superbowl, the 2014 Soccer World Cup and the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro. Therefore the time is now for Nike to embed their customers and the fans of these major sporting events in the experience through their new technology.†¦show more content†¦Looking at Nikes current flagship products and their presentations (NFL jerseys, Nike FlyKnit, Nike+ Technology it is obvious that the company is trying to move in the same direction as one company who mastered this strategy – Apple. Furthermore I think that publicly announcing these new product presentations and staging them in an interactive and fancy way as well as making them available for live streaming around the world on Nikes website or Facebook would quickly educate the potential customer and create the same kind of demand like Apple is enjoying for t heir iPhone, iPad and Mac product lines. Right now Nike is working on the development of a self lacing shoe as seen in the movie â€Å"Back to the Future 2† worn by the character â€Å"Marty McFly†. The company has acquired 65 patents in the process of constructing the shoe. The release of the shoe is rumored to take place in 2015, the year in which the movie takes place. Personally I see three potential outcomes of this move by Nike. First of all, this technology is applicable to the athletic footwear products as well and could revolutionize the fit of athletic shoes, giving Nike a further advantage over its competitors by owning a product that is very hard to emulate. Secondly it boosts the brands aura and identity significantly, which leads me to my next point of Nike maybe moving into the fashion industry with this cult object. However Nike has not yet confirmed any of this strategies.Show MoreRelatedNike s Core Competency : The Risky Business Of Fairy Tales1413 Words   |  6 Pagesscandal such as crimin al activity or cheating. Nike has been successful with any of their endorsements, but there are cases of athletes not so successful. In Nike’s endorsement history, there are multiple cases that athletes were involved in scandals. Phil Knight, who is the Chief Executive Officer at Nike, states that these scandals are, â€Å"part of the game† (Rothaermel MiniCase 8. Nike’s Core Competency: The Risky Business of Fairy Tales. 447). Nike continues to endorse these athletes such as MichaelRead MoreWorking Capital Strategis Essay examples1405 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract The following content provided will include information regarding Nikes Inc. cash management strategies, which will include more in depth information from the previous group paper. In addition, working capital recommendations will be provided to senior management base on next year’s in the pro-forma financial statements. Working Capital Strategies Paper Financial statements are a vital factor of any business organization; they show where a company’sRead MoreNike s Aggressive Marketing And Pricing Approach1154 Words   |  5 Pagesimpact on product sales every quarter. These investments have resulted in stronger brand loyalty through active customer-relationship building and continuous improvements in their products. With over 500,000 different products being produced each year, Nike has secured a position with each demographic across the globe. In addition, their abundance of suppliers has allowed them to achieve grand economies of scale over their competitors. This is further maximized through the high investments in informationRead MoreNike And Challenges Of Nike Inc. Essay1349 Words   |  6 PagesExecutive Summary Nike was founded in 1972 by Philip Knight and Bill Bowerman. The focus of this report would be an analysis of how Nike’s manages and delivers its service to its customers. It also looks into Nike’s emphasis on its product quality and innovative design to meet the ever changing consumer preferences. By looking at its current strategies that Nike adopt and its appropriateness, this report will provide you a better understanding on how consumer see Nike and challenges that Nike Inc. facesRead MoreECO 365 WEEK 4 presentation paper1403 Words   |  6 PagesSneakers are now collectors’ items that cause thousands of Americans to patiently wait in line for their favorite sneaker to arrive. In 1984 Michael Jordan signed a contract with Nike to wear Air Jordans. Even after years of retirement, Air Jordans are still the most famous sneakers ever made. This was a turning point for Nike which until this day holds the largest percentage of the athletic shoe market in the United States. Market Structure Perfect competition describes several small firms competingRead MoreUnder Armour Products Are A Inferior Alternative For Traditional Athletic Products1244 Words   |  5 Pagestarget of $7.5 billion for 2018,† (â€Å"Under Armour Aims High to Close Gap On Nike, Adidas – NASDAQ.com†, 2015). Under Armour’s biggest competitors are Nike and Adidas. Nike, known around the world, has yearly global revenues exceeding $30 billion (â€Å"Under Armour Aims High to Close Gap On Nike, Adidas – NASDAQ.com†, 2015). Adidas averages approximately $17 billion annually in global revenue (â€Å"Under Armour Aims High to Close Gap On Nike, Adidas – NASDAQ.com†, 2015). Examining the United States sports apparelRead MoreNike Brand Analysis1569 Words   |  7 PagesBrand Analysis Assignment Nike 1. What is the positioning strategy of the brand  ¡V that is, how is it different from other brands in the market? How is it communicated through promotional materials? Nike is a brand that usually signs top athletes of every sport from across the world to lucrative deals so that the athletes can wear and represent Nike to its fullest. Nike, unlike its competitors, wants to be seen more as a symbol of strength, dedication, hard work, sweat, perseverance and the desireRead MoreThe Marketing Strategy Of Nike1428 Words   |  6 Pagesare very well polished in Nike. The owners know the correct trigger points of every class of consumer, and thus, the motivating push is given to the exact point. Emotional branding is used by Nike in several instances and this has been one of the vital areas of its operations. Nike’s position in the market is such that consumers upon hearing the name of Nike are sure that they shall be getting state-of-the-art products. Though there is no scale of comparison to say that Nike is better than the competitorsRead MoreA Research Report On Nike1612 Words   |  7 Pages â€Æ' EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This situational analysis focuses on a world leading brand Nike. Firms undertake a situational analysis and planning process to identify and justify appropriate marketing opportunities for growth. This report provides an introduction to Nike with a background to the Company, its history and its product. This report also provides background data on the market, the product in more depth, its competition, the industry and the macro environment. A summary of the key findings fromRead MoreNike1200 Words   |  5 PagesJOHN MOLSON SCHOOL OF BUSINESS | CASE ANALYSIS: NIKE INC. – COST OF CAPITAL | FOR PROF. EDWARD WONG | | ARUN KUMAR DURAIRAJ – 27416008 NIDISH PC – 27254423 VIPUL PARTI – 27246307 | 12/3/2015 | | Evaluation

Working Capital Managment Free Essays

Management Of Working Capital Introduction Working Capital-Definition Working Capital is the cash needed to pay for the day to day operation of the business. Along with long term investments , business also needs funds for short-term purposes to finance current operations. Investment in short term assets like cash, inventories, debtors etc. We will write a custom essay sample on Working Capital Managment or any similar topic only for you Order Now , is called ‘Short-term Funds’ or ‘Working Capital’. Hence, the management of Working Capital is very important for the smooth running of business. Calcution of Working Capital Working Capital of a company is the difference between the Current Assets and the Current Liabilities of the company. Working capital=Current Assets-Current Liabilities Current Assets: Assets of the business held in the form of cash(e. g cash at the bank) or that can be quickly turned into cash. Current Assests Stocks Cash Debtors Investments Current Liabilities: Money owed by a business organization which is to be paid within next 12 months Current Liabilities Trade Creditors Dividends Taxation Short term loans Circulating capital – working capital is also known as circulating capital or current capital. ’ â€Å"The use of the term circulating capital instead of working capital indicates that its flow is circular in nature. † Structure of Working Capital The different elements or components of current assets and current liabilities constitute the structure of working capital which can be illustrated in the shape of a chart as follows: Working Capital Cycle makes it clear that the amount of cash is obtained mainly from issue of shares, borrowing and operations. Cash funds are used to purchase fixed assets, raw materials and used to pay to creditors. The raw materials are processed; wages and overhead expenses are paid which in result produce finished goods for sale. Working Capital circulation is like the blood circulation in the human body as once it stops the whole business becomes lifeless. Classification of Working Capital Working Capital can be classified in various ways. Conceptual classification – There are two concept of working capital viz. , quantitative and qualitative. The quantitative concept takes into account as the current assets while the qualitative concept takes into account the excess of current assets over current liabilities. Deficit of working capital exists where the amount of current liabilities exceeds the amount of current assets. The above can be summarized as follows: (i) Gross Working Capital = Total Current Assets (ii) Net Working Capital = Excess of Current Assets over Current Liabilities (iii) Working Capital Deficit = Excess of Current Liabilities over Current Assets. Classification on the basis of financial reports – The nformation of working capital can be collected from Balance Sheet or Profit and Loss Account; as such the working capital may be classified as follows: (i) Cash Working Capital– This is calculated from the information contained in profit and loss account. This concept of working capital has assumed a great significance in recent years as it shows the adequacy of cash flow in business. It is base d on ‘Operating Cycle Concept’s (ii) Balance Sheet Working Capital– The data for Balance Sheet Working Capital is collected from the balance sheet. On this basis the Working Capital can also be divided in three more types, viz. gross Working Capital, net Working Capital and Working Capital deficit. Classification on the Basis of Variability – Gross Working Capital can be divided in two categories viz. ,(i) permanent or fixed working capital, and (ii) Temporary, Seasonal or variable working capital. Such type of classification is very important for hedging decisions. (i) Temporary Working Capital – Temporary Working Capital is also called as fluctuating or seasonal working capital. This represents additional investment needed during prosperity An favorable seasons. It increases with the growth of the business. Temporary working capital is the additional assets required to meet the variations in sales above the permanent level. † This can be cal culated as follows: Temporary Working Capital = Total Current Assets – permanent Current Assets (ii) Permanent Working Capital – It is a part of total current assets which is not changed due to variation in sales. There is always a minimum level of cash, inventories, and accounts receivables which is always maintained in the business even if sales are reduced to a minimum. Amount of such investment is called as permanent working capital. Permanent Working Capital is the amount of working capital that persists over time regardless of fluctuations in sales. † This is also called as regular working capital. Importance of Working Capital Management For smooth running an enterprise, adequate amount of working capital is very essential. Efficiency in this area can help, to utilize fixed assets gainfully, to assure the firm’s long- term success and to achieve the overall goal of maximization of the shareholders, fund. Shortage or bad management of cash may result in loss of cash discount and loss of reputation due to non-payment of obligation on due dates. Insufficient inventories may be the main cause of production held up and it may compel the enterprises to purchase raw materials at unfavorable rates. Like-wise facility of credit sale is also very essential for sales promotions. It is rightly observed that â€Å"many a times business failure takes place due to lack of working capital. Adequate working capital provides a cushion for bad days, a concern can pass its period of depression without much difficulty. The significance of adequate working capital is â€Å"to avoid interruption in the production schedule and maintain sales, a concern equires funds to finance inventories and receivables. † The adequacy of cash and current assets together with their efficient handling virtually determines the survival or demise of a concern. An enterprise should maintain adequate working capital for its smooth functioning. Both, excessive working capital and inadequate working capital will impair the profitability and general health of a concern. The danger of excessive working capital are as follows: Heavy investment in fixed assets –A concern may invest heavily in its fixed assets which is not justified by actual sales. This may create situation of over capitalization. Reckless purchase of materials- Inventory is purchased recklessly which results in dormant slow moving and obsolete inventory. At the same time it may increase the cost due to mishandling, waste, theft, etc. Speculative tendencies – Speculative tendencies may increase and if profit is increased dividend distribution will also increase. This will hamper the image of a concern in future when speculative loss may start. Liberal credit – Due to liberal credit, size of accounts receivables will also increase. Liberal credit facility can increase bad debts and wrong practices will start, regarding delay in payments. Carelessness – Excessive working capital will lead to carelessness about costs which will adversely affect the profitability. Paucity of working capitalist also bad and has the following dangers: 1. Implementation of operating plans becomes difficult and a concern may not achieve its profit target. 2. It is difficult to pay dividend due to lack of funds. 3. Bargaining capacity is reduced in credit purchases and cash discount could not be availed. 4. An enterprise looses its reputation when it becomes difficult even to meet day-to- day commitments. 5. Operating inefficiencies may creep in when a concern cannot meet it financial promises. 6. Stagnates growth as the funds are not available for new projects. 7. A concern will have to borrow funds at an exorbitant rate of interest in case of need. 8. Sometimes, a concern may be bound to sale its product at a very reduced rates to collect funds which may harm its image. Meaning of Working Capital Management The management of current assets, current liabilities and inter-relationship between them is termed as working capital management. Working capital management is concerned with problems that arise in attempting to manage the current assets, the current liabilities and the inter-relationship that exist between them. † In practice, â€Å"There is usually a distinction made between the investment decisions concerning current assets and the financing of working capital. † F rom the above, the following two aspects of working capital management emerges: (1) To determine the magnitude of current assets or â€Å"level of working capital† and (2) To determine the mode of financing or â€Å"hedging decisions. Significance of Working Capital Management Funds are needed in every business for carrying on day-to-day operations. Working capital funds are regarded as the life blood of a business firm. A firm can exist and survive without making profit but cannot survive without working capital funds. If a firm is not earning profit it may be termed as ‘sick’, but, not having working capital may cause its bankruptcy working capital in order to survive. The alternatives are not pleasant. Bankruptcy is one alternative. Being acquired on unfavorable term as another. Thus, each firm must decide how to balance the amount of working capital it holds, against the risk of failure. † Working capital has acquired a great significance and sound position in the recent past for the twin objects of profitability and liquidity. In period of rising capital costs and scare funds, the working capital is one of the most important areas requiring management review. It is rightly observed that, â€Å"Constant management review is required to maintain appropriate levels in the various working capital accounts. † Mainly the success of a concern depends upon proper management of working capital so â€Å"working capital management has been looked upon as the driving seat of financial manager. † It consumes a great deal of time to increase profitability as well as to maintain proper liquidity at minimum risk. There are many aspects of working capital management which make it an important function of the finance manager. In fact we need to know when to look for working capital funds, how to use them and how measure, plan and control them. A study of working capital management is very important for internal and external experts. Sales expansion, dividend declaration, plants expansion, new product line, increase in salaries and wages ,rising price level, etc. , put added strain on working capital maintenance. Failure of any enterprise is undoubtedly due to poor management and absence of management skill. Importance of working capital management stems from two reasons, viz. , (i) A substantial portion of total investment is invested in current assets, and (ii) level of current assets and current liabilities will change quickly with the variation in sales. Though fixed assets investment and long-term borrowing will also response to the changes in sales, but its response will be weak. Conclusion Although some companies began the process of improving their working capital management five or even 10 years ago, many others were driven to focus on the issues by funding disruptions and cash shortages brought by the global crisis. The effects of the many challenges faced by large companies during that period are evident today in both operational practices and strategic priorities. How to cite Working Capital Managment, Papers

Memorandum Essays - Parking, , Term Papers

Memorandum To: All teachers From: Date: August 22, 2016 Subject: AR point requirements As we start our new school year, I would like to remind everyone about our AR point requirements. Students must meet both requirements to be considered for the Six Weeks party, along with their behavior in class. If students do not meet their goal of 85% on accuracy and 100% of their points read, then they will not even be considered. If they meet both of those requirements, haven't been sent to the office, or had more than three warnings in class then they are eligible for the party. I could really use your help in encouraging our students to work hard to meet their goals. Not every kid has the same goal. It is an individual goal that they are encouraged to do their best to achieve. If you see a kid struggling please find them a reading partner to read with to help them along the way. Not every school has a program as eventful as ours. We have shown great improvement in the past two years and I look forward to seeing much more! This will be another great year! Please help me out as we are here to show these kids that reading can be fun and a key to their success. Thanks. cc: Janice George, Principal From: [emailprotected] To: TVCC Dean of Students Subject: Added Late Night Parking Lot Student Safety Dean Jordan, For several weeks now there has been a feeling of fear from students as they walk to their dorms or parking lot after night classes. This has been caused by the recent vehicle burglaries, and student assaults on campus. So, we have decided to take your advice, and not travel alone. Several student groups have volunteered to escort other students to their dorms or parking spaces at night. This in return has caused some of us to come in late past curfew. Would you please discuss this issue with the Dorm Advisors and let them know that the reasoning for the past curfew entries is justified, We feel this is added security needed until the college is able to boost its police force parking lot patrols. I have arraigned a meeting of several fraternities, and student groups to discuss this further. It will be held Wednesday, August 3, 2016 at 6PM in the Student union Building. We invite you to attend and add your thoughts. Sincerely, Julie Florence D A D C E Memo B B D B C C False